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    <p>I think this is because of how you've defined the module. You're attempting to define it like this:</p> <pre><code>module Modules::Projects::Financials def foo 'bar' end end </code></pre> <p>But Ruby will interpret this by attempting to find the <code>Modules</code> module first, then the <code>Projects</code> module and then will finally define the <code>Financials</code> module, but ONLY if it can find the first two.</p> <p>In your case, it <em>can't</em> find the first two and so bombs out like that.</p> <p>Go ahead, fire up <code>irb</code> and copy and paste the above code example into it. You'll see exactly the same error that you're getting when you run your specs.</p> <hr> <p>The way to fix this is to just define/re-open the module in each file:</p> <pre><code>module Modules module Projects module Financials def foo 'bar' end end end end </code></pre> <p>Now that each time each one of these files is loaded, it will either define or re-open the modules, adding functionality to them. The best part about this is that it doesn't matter if <code>Modules</code> is or isn't defined first, it'll just define it anyway.</p> <hr> <p>Now to address the point: Why does it work in Rails?</p> <p><strong>Oh man, Rails is totally doing some awesome stuff!</strong></p> <p>I actually covered how Rails deals with the automatic definition of modules <a href="http://ryanbigg.com/2011/11/screencast-wrong-argument-type/" rel="nofollow">in my "wrong argument type" screencast</a>. Well, I don't exactly cover how modules are automatically loaded, but (<em>spoiler alert</em>) it's the culprit for what's going wrong there.</p> <p>I'm not going to force you to watch it. The problem lies with <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-1-stable/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb#L488-492" rel="nofollow">these lines inside <code>activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb</code></a>. </p> <p>The <code>load_missing_constant</code> method is used by Rails when it can't find a constant. That's when Rails's magic autoloading stuff kicks into gear. It calls this method, and attempts to find a file that defines this module. </p> <p>If it can't do that, it does this:</p> <pre><code>mod = Module.new into.const_set const_name, mod autoloaded_constants &lt;&lt; qualified_name unless autoload_once_paths.include?(base_path) return mod </code></pre> <p>This is <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-1-stable/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb#L433-439" rel="nofollow">inside the <code>autoload_module!</code> method in that <code>dependencies.rb</code> file</a>. </p> <p>What this code does is simple: creates a new module, sets its constant name to the one that's missing, adds the <code>qualified_name</code> to the <code>autoloaded_constants</code> and returns that module.</p> <p>This is why Rails is defining your modules <em>even though they don't really exist</em>. You're completely bypassing this in your spec (with good reason, you don't want all of that nasty Rails junk), and so it's not automatically loading the modules.</p>
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    1. COSo why does the first syntax work when run within Rails? Is Rails automatically defining modules that it can't find?
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    2. COUpdated! Read below the line for an explanation.
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