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    <p><strong>This is highly subjective</strong></p> <p>The syntax of a language is just a method of expressing desired semantics. It is the semantics that drive performance. The 'performance implications of syntax' is equal to the performance implications of semantics given that <strong>past syntax analysis the syntax is often irrelevant.</strong></p> <p>The performance implication of semantics comes down to the environment that those semantics are being run in. This is why we have a CPU and a GPU, because they each can perform the semantics of a given low-level language quicker.</p> <p>There is not really an answer to this without explicitly stating the target environment. A cluster of machines will deal better with concurrent programs, and there are syntax that <strong>express concurrency</strong> such as Erlang.</p> <p>What you should be focusing on perhaps is how a generalized virtual machine or environment can provide the best performance for a wide range of semantics. For example, if you ported the Erlang syntax to JVM, could the virtual machine <strong>recognize</strong> that the language was single-assignment and concurrent without the requirement of locks? Could it optimize for this? Stackless virtual-machines are a good example of attempts to make efficient a generalized environment dependent on required semantics.</p> <p>Really the question is: <strong>can the environment be optimized for a class or constrained set of semantics, when the environment is by definition, general?</strong></p> <p>I would recommend learning a bit about compilers (and where syntax stops mattering) and then look at something like LLVM, then re-ask yourself the question. As to if function languages are more suited to performance depends on the environment the <em>translation</em> is being executed in (multi-core, distributed, small-embedded device).</p>
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    1. POAre some Functional Programming languages syntactically geared for better performance?
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    1. COI do not agree entirely, but I can see your point. For example, take a look at this paper (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.4503 ) which restricts the syntax of the language - so that certain optimizations can be applied. I completely understand your emphasis on semantics, but I am not worried about implementing syntax-A on virtualmachine-B. Let us say there was one holy VM and you had syntax-A, syntax-B... syntax-N. Which syntax could theoretically push the underlying VM to its peak? As to environment - I am seeking single core, desktop applications.
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    2. COI think you might be missing my point. Image for a second that the CPU (x86) is a holy-vm, which language can be compiled into the most efficient machine code? Now imagine that the holy-vm is a Cell processor, what now? Given that this 'holy VM' does not exist, and all environments are built to do certain things well, the point is moot imho. But, I am prepared to accept I might well be missing the point myself.
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    3. COThe paper you cited seems to be about efficient translation of a syntax into SSA form. In this case, it is about the best syntax for translation into this form. I could design an intermediate form based on a stackless machine, then think about what syntax would best suit this. Syntax and semantics are about context. There is no single answer unless you specify a target architecture and language purpose.
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