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    <p>I recommend SlimDX since it should work on just about any version of windows (x86 or x64) and provides the most features and flexibility. However, it is a pain to get up and running since there are no good complete code samples. I wrote a wrapper class to simplify its usage though so it can be called like this (I tested this code on Win7 x64):</p> <pre><code> public void CaptureAudio() { using (var source = new SoundCardSource()) { source.SampleRateKHz = 44.1; source.SampleDataReady += this.OnSampleDataReady; source.Start(); // Capture 5 seconds of audio... Thread.Sleep(5000); source.Stop(); } } private void OnSampleDataReady(object sender, SampleDataEventArgs e) { // Do something with e.Data short array on separate thread... } </code></pre> <p>Here is the source for the SlimDX wrapper class:</p> <pre><code>using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; using SlimDX.DirectSound; using SlimDX.Multimedia; public class SampleDataEventArgs : EventArgs { public SampleDataEventArgs(short[] data) { this.Data = data; } public short[] Data { get; private set; } } public class SoundCardSource : IDisposable { private volatile bool running; private int bufferSize; private CaptureBuffer buffer; private CaptureBufferDescription bufferDescription; private DirectSoundCapture captureDevice; private WaveFormat waveFormat; private Thread captureThread; private List&lt;NotificationPosition&gt; notifications; private int bufferPortionCount; private int bufferPortionSize; private WaitHandle[] waitHandles; private double sampleRate; public SoundCardSource() { this.waveFormat = new WaveFormat(); this.SampleRateKHz = 44.1; this.bufferSize = 2048; } public event EventHandler&lt;SampleDataEventArgs&gt; SampleDataReady = delegate { }; public double SampleRateKHz { get { return this.sampleRate; } set { this.sampleRate = value; if (this.running) { this.Restart(); } } } public void Start() { if (this.running) { throw new InvalidOperationException(); } if (this.captureDevice == null) { this.captureDevice = new DirectSoundCapture(); } this.waveFormat.FormatTag = WaveFormatTag.Pcm; // Change to WaveFormatTag.IeeeFloat for float this.waveFormat.BitsPerSample = 16; // Set this to 32 for float this.waveFormat.BlockAlignment = (short)(waveFormat.BitsPerSample / 8); this.waveFormat.Channels = 1; this.waveFormat.SamplesPerSecond = (int)(this.SampleRateKHz * 1000D); this.waveFormat.AverageBytesPerSecond = this.waveFormat.SamplesPerSecond * this.waveFormat.BlockAlignment * this.waveFormat.Channels; this.bufferPortionCount = 2; this.bufferDescription.BufferBytes = this.bufferSize * sizeof(short) * bufferPortionCount; this.bufferDescription.Format = this.waveFormat; this.bufferDescription.WaveMapped = false; this.buffer = new CaptureBuffer(this.captureDevice, this.bufferDescription); this.bufferPortionSize = this.buffer.SizeInBytes / this.bufferPortionCount; this.notifications = new List&lt;NotificationPosition&gt;(); for (int i = 0; i &lt; this.bufferPortionCount; i++) { NotificationPosition notification = new NotificationPosition(); notification.Offset = this.bufferPortionCount - 1 + (bufferPortionSize * i); notification.Event = new AutoResetEvent(false); this.notifications.Add(notification); } this.buffer.SetNotificationPositions(this.notifications.ToArray()); this.waitHandles = new WaitHandle[this.notifications.Count]; for (int i = 0; i &lt; this.notifications.Count; i++) { this.waitHandles[i] = this.notifications[i].Event; } this.captureThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.CaptureThread)); this.captureThread.IsBackground = true; this.running = true; this.captureThread.Start(); } public void Stop() { this.running = false; if (this.captureThread != null) { this.captureThread.Join(); this.captureThread = null; } if (this.buffer != null) { this.buffer.Dispose(); this.buffer = null; } if (this.notifications != null) { for (int i = 0; i &lt; this.notifications.Count; i++) { this.notifications[i].Event.Close(); } this.notifications.Clear(); this.notifications = null; } } public void Restart() { this.Stop(); this.Start(); } private void CaptureThread() { int bufferPortionSamples = this.bufferPortionSize / sizeof(float); // Buffer type must match this.waveFormat.FormatTag and this.waveFormat.BitsPerSample short[] bufferPortion = new short[bufferPortionSamples]; int bufferPortionIndex; this.buffer.Start(true); while (this.running) { bufferPortionIndex = WaitHandle.WaitAny(this.waitHandles); this.buffer.Read( bufferPortion, 0, bufferPortionSamples, bufferPortionSize * Math.Abs((bufferPortionIndex - 1) % bufferPortionCount)); this.SampleDataReady(this, new SampleDataEventArgs(bufferPortion)); } this.buffer.Stop(); } public void Dispose() { this.Dispose(true); GC.SuppressFinalize(this); } protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing) { if (disposing) { this.Stop(); if (this.captureDevice != null) { this.captureDevice.Dispose(); this.captureDevice = null; } } } } </code></pre> <p>It's fully multi-threaded to minimize latency. I originally wrote it for a real-time signal processing analysis tool and used float output instead of short but I modified the code sample to match your requested usage. If you need frequency data I would use <a href="http://www.mathdotnet.com/Neodym.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://www.mathdotnet.com/Neodym.aspx</a> or <a href="http://www.exocortex.org/dsp/" rel="nofollow">http://www.exocortex.org/dsp/</a> for a good C# FFT library. </p>
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