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    <p>Clang gives the following error message, which gives some clues to the problem:</p> <pre><code>$ clang -fsyntax-only test.cc -Wall test.cc:7:10: error: call to function 'f' that is neither visible in the template definition nor found by argument-dependent lookup return f(x); ^ test.cc:21:3: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'A::g&lt;B::C&gt;' requested here A::g(B::C()); ^ test.cc:17:5: note: 'f' should be declared prior to the call site or in namespace 'B' int f(B::C x) { return 2; } ^ 1 error generated. </code></pre> <p>Specifically, you've run into a detail of two-phase lookup of dependent names in template definitions. In C++98, [temp.dep.candidate] says:</p> <blockquote> <p>For a function call that depends on a template parameter, if the function name is an unqualified-id but not a template-id, the candidate functions are found using the usual lookup rules (3.4.1, 3.4.2) except that:</p> <ul> <li>For the part of the lookup using unqualified name lookup (3.4.1), only function declarations with external linkage from the template definition context are found.</li> <li>For the part of the lookup using associated namespaces (3.4.2), only function declarations with external linkage found in either the template definition context or the template instantiation context are found.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Since <code>A::f(B::C x)</code> isn't found using associated namespaces (i.e. argument-dependent lookup), it has to be visible at the template definition site, not just at the point of instantiation.</p>
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