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    <h2>Short Answer</h2> <p>Do this instead (assuming your documents are all well-formed XML)</p> <pre><code>etx = lxml.etree.parse('test.html') print lxml.etree.tostring(etx, xml_declaration=True, encoding=etx.docinfo.encoding, standalone=etx.docinfo.standalone) </code></pre> <h2>Explanation</h2> <p><code>test.html</code> is not actually valid html. It has empty elements and an xml processing instruction. These are not understood by html. The html parser is interpreting the xml processing instruction as an SGML processing instruction (these are like <code>&lt;? ... &gt;</code> instead of xml <code>&lt;? ... ?&gt;</code>) with content <code>xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?</code>. Thus when reserializing as XML, the XML processing instruction has double questions, like so: <code>??&gt;</code></p> <p>Your results with <code>html5lib</code> parser or serializer are a little better--when reserialized to XML, the processing instruction will be in comments. This is because HTML5 doesn't allow SGML processing instructions either, and will interpret the xml preamble as garbage text to ignore.</p> <p>To get the results you want, parse and serialize your document with the xml parser (<code>lxml.etree</code>) instead. It appears to be well-formed xml and valid XHTML1.1. If you serialize with the html serializer instead (<code>lxml.html.tostring()</code>, not <code>lxml.html.etree.tostring()</code>), it will output a polyglot xhtml document.</p> <p>A wrinkle is that the serializer does not try to preserve the xml declaration exactly (this is after all not part of the xml infoset). You will have to pass these to the <code>tostring()</code> method from the <code>docinfo</code> property.</p>
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    1. POlxml.html.tostring re-ordered doctype and xml tags when printing
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    1. USFrancis Avila
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    1. COThanks for your reply. This fails when it has &nbsp; entities. E.g. "<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;</title></head><body><div class="chapter" title="Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;"><div class="titlepage"></div></div></body></html>". It does work with the "resolve_entities=False" setting in a custom parser. But then xpath is giving issue when it tries to reference the entity in the "title" attribute. Thought?
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      1. USRicky Wong
    2. COProcessing xml entities without access to the DTD is asking for trouble. Things to try in order: 1) create text.html without named entities, 2) use parser with `load_dtd=True` and install or set up a libxml catalog with necessary dtd files, 3) string-replace xhtml named entities with character entities before parsing.
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      1. USFrancis Avila
    3. COIf your system does not provide one, I assembled an xml catalog some time ago with all w3c dtds I could find. I could put it up on github or somewhere.
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