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    <p><code>print</code>, <code>open</code>, <code>split</code> are not subroutines. They do not result in sub calls. They are not even present in the symbol table (in <code>main::</code> or otherwise, although you can refer to them as <code>CORE::split</code>, etc), and one cannot get a reference to their code (although work is being done to create proxy subs for them in <code>CORE::</code> for when you want to treat them as subroutines). They are operators just like <code>+</code>.</p> <pre><code>$ perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e'sub f {} f()' 1 &lt;0&gt; enter 2 &lt;;&gt; nextstate(main 2 -e:1) v:{ 3 &lt;0&gt; pushmark s 4 &lt;#&gt; gv[*f] s 5 &lt;1&gt; entersub[t3] vKS/TARG,1 &lt;--- sub call 6 &lt;@&gt; leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC -e syntax OK $ perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e'split /;/' 1 &lt;0&gt; enter 2 &lt;;&gt; nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v:{ 3 &lt;/&gt; pushre(/";"/) s/64 4 &lt;#&gt; gvsv[*_] s 5 &lt;$&gt; const[IV 0] s 6 &lt;@&gt; split[t2] vK &lt;--- not a sub call 7 &lt;@&gt; leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC -e syntax OK $ perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e'$x + $y' 1 &lt;0&gt; enter 2 &lt;;&gt; nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v:{ 3 &lt;#&gt; gvsv[*x] s 4 &lt;#&gt; gvsv[*y] s 5 &lt;2&gt; add[t3] vK/2 &lt;--- Just like this 6 &lt;@&gt; leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC -e syntax OK </code></pre> <p>They are known by a variety of names:</p> <ul> <li>builtin functions</li> <li>functions</li> <li>builtins</li> <li>named operators</li> </ul> <p>And most are considered to be one of the following:</p> <ul> <li>list operator</li> <li>named unary operator</li> </ul> <p>Subroutines are often called functions (as they are in C and C++), so "function" is an ambiguous word. This ambiguity appears to be the basis of your question.</p> <hr> <p>As for <code>while</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>unless</code>, etc, they are keywords used by "flow control statements"</p> <pre><code>while (f()) { g() } </code></pre> <p>and "statement modifiers"</p> <pre><code>g() while f(); </code></pre>
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    1. POWhat are Perl built-in operators/functions?
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    1. COIs the code you've posted the code that Perl's VM understands, generated by the perl interpreter?
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    2. CO@Raphael, Yes, They are representations of the opcode trees that result from compiling the programs.
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