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    <p>Sections 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 of the language specification spell this out, I'll post 3.5.2 for convenience (it's shorter!) and let you find 3.5.3 on your own. </p> <blockquote> <p>In intuitive terms, when a type or member M is accessed, the following steps are evaluated to ensure that the access is permitted:</p> <ul> <li>First, if M is declared within a type (as opposed to a compilation unit or a namespace), a compile-time error occurs if that type is not accessible.</li> <li>Then, if M is public, the access is permitted.</li> <li>Otherwise, if M is protected internal, the access is permitted if it occurs within the program in which M is declared, or if it occurs within a class derived from the class in which M is declared and takes place through the derived class type (§3.5.3).</li> <li><strong>Otherwise, if M is protected, the access is permitted if it occurs within the class in which M is declared, or if it occurs within a class derived from the class in which M is declared and takes place through the derived class type (§3.5.3).</strong></li> <li>Otherwise, if M is internal, the access is permitted if it occurs within the program in which M is declared.</li> <li>Otherwise, if M is private, the access is permitted if it occurs within the type in which M is declared.</li> <li>Otherwise, the type or member is inaccessible, and a compile-time error occurs.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Basically, access to protected members of the base have to be through instances of the derived. As you said, siblings cannot access each others' protected members, but the language specification also prohibits children from accessing protected members of the base unless the reference is through the child. </p>
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    1. POWhy can't subclasses create new objects with a base class protected constructor?
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    1. USAnthony Pegram
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    1. COSure, I get that for non constructor members, but as far as I know, constructor members are only invoked by the implementation of `new` - so I can't see how this could be un-typesafe.
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      1. USSimon Buchan
    2. CO@Simon, I will not try to pretend I could think of the corner cases where this could blow up but I don't doubt for a second *somebody* could figure something out. I can only say you can work around the limitation by providing a protected method instead of a protected constructor. `protected Base CreateBase(Base other)` which can be called via the derived child.
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      1. USAnthony Pegram
    3. CO@Simon: Want to call a `protected` constructor in any library? Just write ten lines of code! That's why it's illegal.
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      1. USRick Sladkey
 

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