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    <p>The task of determining the proper part of speech for a word in a text is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POS_tagging" rel="noreferrer">Part of Speech Tagging</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_tagger" rel="noreferrer">Brill tagger</a>, for example, uses a mixture of dictionary(vocabulary) words and contextual rules. I believe that some of the important initial dictionary words for this task are the stop words. Once you have (mostly correct) parts of speech for your words, you can start building larger structures. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jkkoj7U5g4kC&amp;dq=Natural+Language+Processing+for+Online+Applications:+Text+Retrieval,+Extraction+and+Categorization&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=bn&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=GVGuSdebCJDRjAf16p2kBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result#PPP1,M1" rel="noreferrer">This industry-oriented book</a> differentiates between recognizing noun phrases (NPs) and recognizing named entities. About textbooks: <a href="http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0805303340" rel="noreferrer">Allen's Natural Language Understanding</a> is a good, but a bit dated, book. <a href="http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0262133601" rel="noreferrer">Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing</a> is a nice introduction to statistical NLP. <a href="http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0131873210" rel="noreferrer">Speech and Language Processing</a> is a bit more rigorous and maybe more authoritative. <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/" rel="noreferrer">The Association for Computational Linguistics</a> is a leading scientific community on computational linguistics.</p>
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