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    <p>That system component is called a font renderer or font rasterizer. It is responsible for converting a sequence of character codes into pixels based on glyphs defined in a font. As other answers have stated, the various character encoding values you can get and set from Java are irrelevant. When the JVM gives the font renderer a sequence of character codes, it tells it what encoding applies (probably UTF16, but this is transparent to the Java programmer.) The font renderer uses the font encoding specified in the font file to match up the corresponding glyphs.</p> <p>Current versions of Windows and Mac OS X come with excellent font renderers. </p> <p>The first point of confusion is that the JRE comes with its own font renderer, as part of the Java2D platform, and this is what Swing uses. There ought to be an option to control whether Java uses its own renderer or the system one.</p> <p><strong>EDIT:</strong> As <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/304/mcdowell">McDowell</a> pointed out in a comment, on OS X you can enable the system renderer by setting the Java property apple.awt.graphics.UseQuartz=true.</p> <p>The second point of confusion is that ligatures are optional in English. A desktop publishing application will substitute an "ffl" ligature (a single glyph in the font) when it sees a word like "shuffle", but most other applications don't bother. Based on what you've said about Devanagari (and what I just read on Wikipedia) I gather the ligatures are not optional in that language.</p> <p>By default, the Java2D font renderer does not do ligatures. However, the JavaDoc for java.awt.font.TextAttribute.LIGATURES says that ligatures are always enabled for writing systems that require them. If that isn't your experience, you may have found a bug in the Java2D font renderer. Meanwhile, try using the Font constructor that takes a map of font attributes, including TextAttribute.LIGATURES.</p>
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    1. POWhich system component is responsible for binding Unicode ligatures in a Java application?
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    1. POWhich system component is responsible for binding Unicode ligatures in a Java application?
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    1. COThanks very much for this interesting insight. You're right that ligatures are not optional at all in Devanagari. However, I've tested the `LIGATURES_ON` `TextAttribute` (as suggested by [Oracle](http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/2d/text/textattributes.html), see below) and it didn't change a thing, unfortunately. Which leaves the fontconfig file as the most likeable source of the issue. `Map<TextAttribute, Object> m = new Hashtable<TextAttribute, Object>(); m.put(TextAttribute.LIGATURES, TextAttribute.LIGATURES_ON); font = font.deriveFont( map ); g2.setFont( font );`
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    2. CO@baphomet13 - it appears that you can use a [Java system property](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Java/Reference/Java_PropertiesRef/Articles/JavaSystemProperties.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40008047) on OS X to switch between Java2D and Quartz rendering: `apple.awt.graphics.UseQuartz`
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    3. CO@McDowell: Your last comment was spot on and solved my problem. May I suggest you edit it into your answer, so I can accept it as the best answer? Also, I've set a bounty on my related question [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5994815/rendering-devanagari-ligatures-unicode-in-java-swing-jcomponent-on-mac-os-x], and I suggest you add your answer there as well so I can award the bounty to you! Many thanks again, you helped me a lot there!
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