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    <p>You might enjoy the decade-old but still relevant classic <a href="http://perl.apache.org/docs/tutorials/apps/scale_etoys/etoys.html" rel="nofollow">Building a Large-Scale E-commerce site with Apache and mod_perl</a>. Their tiers were:</p> <ol> <li>Load balancers</li> <li>Reverse proxies</li> <li>Web/app servers</li> <li>Database servers</li> </ol> <p>This is still the blueprint for large-scale sites. Even larger web-scale sites may need something more arcane, but this is the foundation for understanding even them.</p> <p>Note that they used mod_perl, which means their web servers were their app servers. If you were using Java at that time, you would have run the app servers as a tier behind the web servers (and by 'web servers' i mean Apache, handling HTTP parsing, TLS, and static files; fetching and carrying, but no logic), and connected them with AJP. You might still do that today, but you would be more likely to just use the app servers as your web servers (ie no Apache at all, just JBoss or similar). App servers are now solid enough to do this, and you can rely on the reverse proxies and a content distribution network to do most of the fetching and carrying anyway.</p> <p>As for a caching tier, the reverse proxies are a caching tier in front of the app servers, but they did app-level caching on the app server machines, with a federated cache (you'd use memcached or similar for this today). I think that's still a viable option today. I don't see a reason to partition your app-tier servers into dedicated app and cache servers; i'd be interested to hear of reasons to do that.</p> <p>I don't think splitting the presentation and business logic in the app tier is an idea that ever really took off. Some projects probably do it, but i would imagine because of they have architecture astronauts in charge, rather than for any good reason. That said, it is common to have an app tier that makes heavy use of service tiers further back (this is SOA, i guess), and the ultimate extension of that is essentially a presentation/logic split, but with heterogenous logic servers, and the presentation server very much being in charge.</p>
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