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    <p>Testing comes in a number of forms and can be performed at different stages. Apart from design validation before code is even written, code testing may be divided into unit testing, integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing (though exact terms and number of stages may very). In the V model, these would correspond horizontally with stages in requirements and design development. Also in development and maintenance you might perform regression testing - ensuring that fixed bugs remain fixed when other changes are applied.</p> <p>As far as tools are concerned, these can be divided into static analysis and dynamic analysis. Static tools analyse the source code without execution, whereas dynamic analysis is concerned with the behaviour of the code during execution. Some (expensive) tools perform "abstract execution" which is a static analysis technique that determines how the code may fail during execution without actual execution, this approach is computationally expensive but can process far more execution paths and variable states than traditional dynamic analysis.</p> <p>The simplest form of static analysis is code review; getting a human to read your code. There are tools to assist even with this ostensibly manual process such as <a href="http://smartbear.com/" rel="noreferrer">SmartBear's Code Collaborator</a>. Likewise the simplest form of dynamic analysis is to simply step through your code in your debugger or even to just run your code with various test scenarios. The first may be done by a programmer during unit development and debugging, while the latter is more suited to acceptance or integration testing.</p> <p>While code review done well can remove a large amount of errors, especially design errors, it is not so efficient perhaps at finding certain types of errors caused by subtle or arcane semantics of programming languages. This kind of error lends itself to automatic detection using static analysis tools such as <a href="http://www.gimpel.com/" rel="noreferrer">Gimpel's PC-Lint and FlexeLint tools</a>, or <a href="http://www.programmingresearch.com/" rel="noreferrer">Programming Research's QA tools</a>, though lower cost approaches such as setting your compiler's warning level high and compiling with more than one compiler are also useful.</p> <p>Dynamic analysis tools come in a number of forms such as code coverage analysis, code performance profiling, memory management analysis, and bounds checking.</p> <p>Higher-end tools/vendors include the likes of <a href="http://www.coverity.com/" rel="noreferrer">Coverity</a>, <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/polyspace/" rel="noreferrer">PolySpace</a> (an abstract analysis tool), <a href="http://www.ipl.com/products/tools/pt400.uk.php" rel="noreferrer">Cantata</a>, <a href="http://www.ldra.com/" rel="noreferrer">LDRA</a>, and <a href="http://www.klocwork.com/products/insight-pro/?gclid=CIzwoqfz3KcCFQod4QoduBCv9A" rel="noreferrer">Klocwork</a>. At the lower end (in price, not necessarily effectiveness) are tools such as PC-Lint and <a href="http://www.razorcat.com/frame_main/produkte/unterpunkte/tessy_e.html" rel="noreferrer">Tessy</a>, or even the open-source <a href="http://www.splint.org/" rel="noreferrer">splint</a> (C only), and a large number of <a href="http://www.opensourcetesting.org/unit_c.php" rel="noreferrer">unit testing tools</a></p>
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    1. POWhat are some available software tools used in testing firmware today?
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    1. POWhat are some available software tools used in testing firmware today?
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    1. COIt is important to emphasize that the extremely expensive static analysers are no better than the ones that cost a 10th of the price. I'm using LDRA myself and it costs a fortune, but it doesn't perform any better than other tools. The difference is that LDRA is extremely trigger-happy and even with a large number of checks removed, it gives approximately 100 false errors for every real issue. It is a good idea to check the code with several different analysers, as they all have their flaws.
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    2. CO@Lundin: Absolutely. I did mentions that, though perhaps not with emphasis. @Lemual wanted to know about available tools, I presume he wants to know what he may encounter. If her were tasked with selection of such a tool, that would warrant a different kind of answer.
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