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    <p>Let's assume that you know how to create XML.</p> <p>Let's assume that 'level' in your data increases if the data is nested in the previous node, and it only increases by 1. If the level decreases, this means that you are not talking about current node any more, but rather about some node above; level == 1 means 'attach at document level'.</p> <ul> <li><p>To handle <em>increasing</em> levels, you just need to track the previous node. If the level increases by one, you create a new node and make it a child of previous node.</p></li> <li><p>To handle <em>the same</em> level, you need to remember the parent of the previously created node. You attach the new node to that parent, because it's a peer of the previous node.</p></li> <li><p>To handle <em>decreasing</em> levels, you need to step back from previous node several steps so that you're on the right level. Can you see a pattern?</p></li> </ul> <p>Really you need to remember the whole chain from document level to the previously created node. If <code>next_node.level == previous_node.level + 1</code>, you attach it to the end of chain. Else you step back <code>previous_node.level - next_node.level + 1</code> items up the chain and use that node as the parent. We assume that level 0 is document level.</p> <p>A bit of code to illustrate this:</p> <pre><code>def nest(input): ret = {'level': 0} # 'document level' path = [ret] for item in input: node = dict(item) # a copy of item, lest we alter input old_level = path[-1]['level'] # last element's new_level = node['level'] delta = new_level - old_level - 1 if delta &lt; 0: path = path[:delta] children_list = path[-1].get('_children', None) or [] children_list.append(node) path[-1]['_children'] = children_list path.append(node) return ret from pprint import PrettyPrinter pr = PrettyPrint(indent=2).pprint pr(nest(toc)) </code></pre> <p>and you see</p> <pre><code>{ '_children': [ { '_children': [ { 'entryno': 2, 'level': 2, 'pageno': 19, 'title': 'title b'}], 'entryno': 1, 'level': 1, 'pageno': 17, 'title': 'title a'}, { 'entryno': 3, 'level': 1, 'pageno': 25, 'title': 'title c'}], 'level': 0} </code></pre> <p>Under <code>_children</code> we list nested nodes.</p>
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    1. POPython: How to create nested XML from a flat datastructure
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    1. COThat makes a lot of sense. And as it seems I won´t be solving this easily with some simple string manipulations but with an xml libary ;.). So I have to dig into that first...
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    2. CO@Titusz: See updated answer :)
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    3. COBoth are ugly. This one transforms the input into some weird structure, leaving you to serialise it somehow. If could have just as easily built a (non-ugly) ElementTree instance which needs just one more call to serialise it, and it will automatically take care of any `&` and `<` characters in your titles.
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