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    <p>There is no way to know. This is why formally specified file formats typically mandate an endianness, or they provide an option (as with unicode, as MSN mentioned). This way, if you are reading a file with a particular format, you <em>know</em> it's big-endian already, because the fact that it's in that format implies a particular endianness. </p> <p>Another good example of this is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Endianness_in_networking" rel="nofollow noreferrer">network byte order</a> -- network protocols are typically big-endian, so if you're a little-endian processor talking to the internet, you have to write things backwards. If you're big-endian, you don't need to worry about it. People use functions like <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xns/htonl.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">htonl and ntohl</a> to preprocess things they write to the network so that their source code is the same on all machines. These functions are defined to do nothing on big-endian machines, but they flip bytes on little-endian machines.</p> <p>The key realization is that endianness is a property of how particular <em>architectures</em> represent words. It's not a mandate that they have to write <em>files</em> a certain way; it just tells you that the instructions on the architecture expect multi-byte words to have their bytes ordered a certain way. A big-endian machine can write the same byte sequence as a little-endian machine, it just might use a few more instructions to do it, because it has to reorder the bytes. The same is true for little-endian machines writing big-endian formats.</p>
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