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    <p>This is a convention defined in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-5.1" rel="noreferrer" title="RFC 2045 - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies - Section 5.1: Syntax of the Content-Type Header Field">RFC 2045 - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</a>.</p> <blockquote> <ol> <li><p>Private <em>[subtype]</em> values (starting with "X-") may be defined bilaterally between two cooperating agents without outside registration or standardization. Such values cannot be registered or standardized.</p></li> <li><p>New standard values should be registered with IANA as described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2048" rel="noreferrer">RFC 2048</a>.</p></li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>A similar restriction applies to the top-level type. From the same source,</p> <blockquote> <p>If another top-level type is to be used for any reason, it must be given a name starting with "X-" to indicate its non-standard status and to avoid a potential conflict with a future official name.</p> </blockquote> <p><em>(Note that per RFC 2045, "[m]atching of media type and subtype is ALWAYS case-insensitive", so there's no difference between the interpretation of 'X-' and 'x-'.)</em></p> <p>So it's fair to guess that "application/x-foo" was used before the IANA defined "application/foo". And it still might be used by folks who aren't aware of the IANA token assignment.</p> <p>As Chris Hanson said MIME types are controlled by the IANA. This is detailed in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2048" rel="noreferrer" title="RFC 2048 - Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures">RFC 2048 - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures</a>. According to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3778#section-2" rel="noreferrer" title="RFC 3778: The application/pdf Media Type - Section 2: History">RFC 3778</a>, which is <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/" rel="noreferrer" title="IANA - Application Media Types">cited by the IANA</a> as the definition for "application/pdf",</p> <blockquote> <p>The application/pdf media type was first registered in 1993 by Paul Lindner for use by the gopher protocol; the registration was subsequently updated in 1994 by Steve Zilles.</p> </blockquote> <p>The type "application/pdf" has been around for well over a decade. So it seems to me that wherever "application/x-pdf" has been used in new apps, the decision may not have been deliberate.</p>
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