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    <p>You have asked many questions there, and it would be time consuming to attempt to answer them all here. </p> <p>I'll provide a couple of quick answers and some pointers to other resources that might help to provide you with the background knowledge you need to understand the answers to your questions.</p> <p>Most of the PC BIOS routines are written in real mode and will not work correctly once the CPU is in protected mode; there are some BIOS routines that have a compatible 32-bit protected mode interface.</p> <p>These days the PC BIOS is used mainly to bootstrap another operating system, after which the BIOS is hardly used. The PC BIOS was originally provided so that there could be an abstraction layer between the operating system and the underlying hardware so that operating systems could more easily run on different hardware without having to be customised for various (slightly) different hardware configurations. Gary Kildall and his CP/M operating system is often credited with being the first microcomputer operating system to have a BIOS. </p> <p>Direct hardware programming is about as platform specific as you can get. You need to know exactly what chipsets, ports and their configuration your hardware has in order to program them. </p> <p>The Indispensable PC Hardware Book by Messmer provides a comprehensive and readable introduction to the operation of the PC including the role of the BIOS and interrupts and CPU modes (eg. real, protected) as well as how machine code (1's and 0's) drive the hardware to realise our intended outcomes.</p> <p>Other books which will go someway towards answering your questions, and maybe more acessible/available to you, include: Structured Computer Organisation by Tanenbaum, Digital Systems by Tocci.</p> <p>Edit: For further technical detail you could try Intel Microprocessors by Brey (the latest edition covers up to the Core2 architecture), and then the Intel/AMD Developer Manuals (freely downloadable).</p>
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    1. USPeter G. McDonald
    1. USPeter G. McDonald
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    1. COThanks buddy, I was waiting very eagerly for answers.
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      1. USnarayanpatra
    2. COone more book to the list. "Microprocessors and Interfacing" by Douglas Hall about the basics of x86 architecture.
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      1. USalvin
 

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