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    <p>While I adore the grep solution for its elegance and for reminding (or teaching) me about a method in Enumerable that I'd forgotten (or overlooked completely), it's slow, slow, slow. I agree 100% that creating the <code>Array#mode</code> method is a good idea, however - this is Ruby, we don't need a library of functions that act on arrays, we can create a mixin that adds the necessary functions <em>into</em> the Array class itself.</p> <p>But the inject(Hash) alternative uses a sort, which we also don't really need: we just want the value with the highest occurrence.</p> <p>Neither of the solutions address the possibility that more than one value may be the mode. Maybe that's not an issue in the problem as stated (can't tell). I think I'd want to know if there was a tie, though, and anyway, I think we can improve a little on the performance.</p> <pre><code>require 'benchmark' class Array def mode1 sort_by {|i| grep(i).length }.last end def mode2 freq = inject(Hash.new(0)) { |h,v| h[v] += 1; h } sort_by { |v| freq[v] }.last end def mode3 freq = inject(Hash.new(0)) { |h,v| h[v] += 1; h } max = freq.values.max # we're only interested in the key(s) with the highest frequency freq.select { |k, f| f == max } # extract the keys that have the max frequency end end arr = Array.new(1_000) { |i| rand(100) } # something to test with Benchmark.bm(30) do |r| res = {} (1..3).each do |i| m = "mode#{i}" r.report(m) do 100.times do res[m] = arr.send(m).inspect end end end res.each { |k, v| puts "%10s = %s" % [k, v] } end </code></pre> <p>And here's output from a sample run.</p> <pre><code> user system total real mode1 34.375000 0.000000 34.375000 ( 34.393000) mode2 0.359000 0.000000 0.359000 ( 0.359000) mode3 0.219000 0.000000 0.219000 ( 0.219000) mode1 = 41 mode2 = 41 mode3 = [[41, 17], [80, 17], [72, 17]] </code></pre> <p>The "optimised" mode3 took 60% of the time of the previous record-holder. Note also the multiple highest-frequency entries.</p> <p>EDIT</p> <p>A few months down the line, I noticed <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/412169/ruby-how-to-find-item-in-array-which-has-the-most-occurrences/1909239#1909239">Nilesh's answer</a>, which offered this:</p> <pre><code>def mode4 group_by{|i| i}.max{|x,y| x[1].length &lt;=&gt; y[1].length}[0] end </code></pre> <p>It doesn't work with 1.8.6 out of the box, because that version doesn't have Array#group_by. ActiveSupport has it, for the Rails developers, although it seems about 2-3% slower than mode3 above. Using the (excellent) <a href="http://github.com/marcandre/backports" rel="nofollow noreferrer">backports</a> gem, though, produces a 10-12% <em>gain</em>, as well as delivering a whole pile of 1.8.7 and 1.9 extras.</p> <p>The above applies to <strong>1.8.6</strong> only - and mainly only if installed on Windows. Since I have it installed, here's what you get from IronRuby 1.0 (on .NET 4.0):</p> <pre><code>========================== IronRuby ===================================== (iterations bumped to **1000**) user system total real mode1 (I didn't bother :-)) mode2 4.265625 0.046875 4.312500 ( 4.203151) mode3 0.828125 0.000000 0.828125 ( 0.781255) mode4 1.203125 0.000000 1.203125 ( 1.062507) </code></pre> <p>So in the event that performance is super-critical, benchmark the options on your Ruby version &amp; OS. <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/your_mileage_may_vary" rel="nofollow noreferrer">YMMV</a>.</p>
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