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    <p>Change </p> <pre><code>UG.say(person, 'but i like') </code></pre> <p>to</p> <pre><code>ug.say(person, 'but i like') </code></pre> <p><code>UG.say</code> returns the unbound method <code>say</code>. "Unbound" implies that the first argument to <code>say</code> is not automatically filled in for you. The unbound method <code>say</code> takes 3 arguments, and the first one must be an instance of <code>UG</code>. Instead, <code>UG.say(person, 'but i like')</code> sends an instance of <code>Person</code> as the first argument. This explains the error message Python gives to you.</p> <p>In contrast, <code>ug.say</code> returns the bound method <code>say</code>. "Bound" implies that the first argument to say will be <code>ug</code>. The bound method takes 2 arguments, <code>toWhom</code> and <code>something</code>. Thus, <code>ug.say(person, 'but i like')</code> works as expected.</p> <p>The concept of <a href="http://docs.python.org/release/3.0.1/whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods" rel="nofollow">unbound method has been removed from Python3</a>. Instead, <code>UG.say</code> just returns a function which (still) expects 3 arguments. The only difference is that there is no more type checking on the first argument. You'll still end up with an error, however, just a different one:</p> <pre><code>TypeError: say() takes exactly 3 positional arguments (2 given) </code></pre> <p>PS. When beginning to learn Python, I think I'd just try to accept that <code>UG.say</code> returns an unbound method (expecting 3 arguments), and <code>ug.say</code> is the normal proper way to call a method (expecting 2 arguments). Later, to really learn how Python implements this difference of behavior (while maintaining the same qualified name syntax), you'll want to research <a href="http://users.rcn.com/python/download/Descriptor.htm" rel="nofollow">descriptors</a> and the rules of <a href="http://www.cafepy.com/article/python_attributes_and_methods/" rel="nofollow">attribute lookup</a>.</p>
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    1. POobject oriented programming basics: inheritance & shadowing (Python)
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    1. CO@all: thank you very much for you explanations! this was also a good example that shows how easy it is to get confused by names (be it variables, classes etc)...especially if the fundamentals are still a bit shaky...i'll try to be careful/attentive about naming conventions.
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    2. COYou're welcome, Baba. Best of luck with your studies.
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