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primarykey
Id
2982
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0
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0
ClosedDate
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5
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CreationDate
2008-08-06T00:33:35.063
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2011-09-24T23:47:39.827
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2011-09-24T23:47:39.827
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208880
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99
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972
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2
Score
765
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text
Body
In Python, there is a difference between functions and bound methods. <pre><code>>>> def foo(): ... print "foo" ... >>> class A: ... def bar( self ): ... print "bar" ... >>> a = A() >>> foo <function foo at 0x00A98D70> >>> a.bar <bound method A.bar of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>> >>> </code></pre> Bound methods have been "bound" (how descriptive) to an instance, and that instance will be passed as the first argument whenever the method is called. Callables that are attributes of a class (as opposed to an instance) are still unbound, though, so you can modify the class definition whenever you want: <pre><code>>>> def fooFighters( self ): ... print "fooFighters" ... >>> A.fooFighters = fooFighters >>> a2 = A() >>> a2.fooFighters <bound method A.fooFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BEB8>> >>> a2.fooFighters() fooFighters </code></pre> Previously defined instances are updated as well (as long as they haven't overridden the attribute themselves): <pre><code>>>> a.fooFighters() fooFighters </code></pre> The problem comes when you want to attach a method to a single instance: <pre><code>>>> def barFighters( self ): ... print "barFighters" ... >>> a.barFighters = barFighters >>> a.barFighters() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: barFighters() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given) </code></pre> The function is not automatically bound when it's attached directly to an instance: <pre><code>>>> a.barFighters <function barFighters at 0x00A98EF0> </code></pre> To bind it, we can use the <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/types.html?highlight=methodtype#module-types" rel="noreferrer">MethodType function in the types module</a>: <pre><code>>>> import types >>> a.barFighters = types.MethodType( barFighters, a ) >>> a.barFighters <bound method ?.barFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>> >>> a.barFighters() barFighters </code></pre> This time other instances of the class have not been affected: <pre><code>>>> a2.barFighters() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: A instance has no attribute 'barFighters' </code></pre> More information can be found by reading about <a href="http://users.rcn.com/python/download/Descriptor.htm" rel="noreferrer">descriptors</a> and <a href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2003/04/17/metaclasses.html" rel="noreferrer">metaclass</a> <a href="http://www.gnosis.cx/publish/programming/metaclass_2.html" rel="noreferrer">programming</a>.
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1. POAdding a Method to an Existing Object Instance
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1. USEthan Furman
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1. USJason Pratt
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