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    <p>You can build your own parser, your own tree builder, your own tree walker, your own analyzers, your own prettyprinters... but its a lot of work.</p> <p>You might consider tools that provide all this machinery for you. </p> <p>One such tool is our <a href="http://www.semanticdesigns.com/Products/DMS/DMSToolkit.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit</a>. </p> <p>Given a grammar, DMS will parse and automatically build a tree; yes, it automatically captures "microtokens" such as comments and attaches them to appropriate tree nodes. It can prettyprint the tree back out, before or after transformations. You have to provide support for symbol tables since that's a semantic, not a syntactic construct, but DMS provides generic symbol tables and scope management tools as a library to build upon. DMS also provides complete libraries for control and data flow analysis, which is needed if you want to do serious code transformations or refactorings.</p> <p>One of DMS's nicest properties is the ability to apply transformations stated using the syntax of your grammar, e.g., "if you see <em>this</em> (in my language) then replace it by <em>that</em>".</p> <p>You can see <a href="http://www.semdesigns.com/products/DMS/SimpleDMSDomainExample.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">an example of defining lexer, parser, prettyprinter and transformation rules that define 9th grade algebra and a bit of calculus.</a> The rewrite rules are used to carry out simplifications and computing symbolic derivatives on algebraic formulas.</p>
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    1. COThank you for taking the effort to answer. I am aware of your product thanks to Google as well as a number of other answers to similar questions here on StackOverflow. But I am not looking for software to do it all for me; I am looking to learn how these tools work and accomplish their things.
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    2. CO@Jaapjan: Then what you need is a compiler book, such as Aho/Ullman Dragon book. This will explain in detail what you need to parse and build syntax trees. What it won't do is explain how to capture comments, how to implement rewrite rules, or how to build a prettyprinter. You can find technical papers on these topics if you search the computer science literature, but it is scattered everywhere. A key place to start is with conferences focused on this task, such as SCAM10, "Source Code Analysis and Manipulation". Its *still* a *lot* of work. DMS is over a man-century of PhD level work.
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    3. COTrue. But I can build an AST with a stack and node structure, adding each block and statement as node. But the question is actually if, usually, such an AST is a pure textual affair that captures the syntax structure or if this AST also contains the whitespace, comments and possibly internal references to other AST nodes, like superclass references. Ie: Are these different trees usually or do tools combine them?
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