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    <p>The main problem of contemporary cryptography is not finding algorithms but whole concepts and approaches for different situations (but of course the algorithms are continually improved too).</p> <p>We have today</p> <ul> <li>Symmetric algorithms (AES)</li> <li>Asymmetric algorithms (RSA, ECC)</li> <li>Key exchange (Diffie-Hellman-Key-Exchange, Shamir's no key protocol)</li> <li>Secret sharing (intersection of n-dimensional planes)</li> <li>Cryptographic hash functions (SHA)</li> </ul> <p>Some have proven insecure and were improved</p> <ul> <li>DES due to a much to small key-space</li> <li>MD5</li> </ul> <p>and some are broken</p> <ul> <li>Merke/Hellman knapsack cryptosystem</li> <li>Monoalphabetic subsitution</li> <li>Naive Vigenère</li> </ul> <p>Which particular algorithm is chosen is often a question of available resources (elliptic curves need smaller keys that RSA algorithm for comparable safety) or just of standardization (as <em>tanascius</em> pointed out, there are competitions for such <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition" rel="noreferrer">algorithms</a>). Totally new trends usually start when a whole class of cryptosystems has been shown vulnerable against a specific attack (man-in-the-middle, side-channel) or scientific progress is made (quantum cryptography).</p> <p>Of course, there is also steganography which doesn't attempt so conceal the <em>content</em> but the <em>existence</em> of a secret message by hiding it in other documents.</p>
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