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PO
 

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    <p>I know my ancient history, not my recent history.</p> <p>Procedural languages are rooted in FORTRAN, the first language to compile arbitrarily complicated high-level formulas to machine code. FORmula TRANslator (John Backus, Turing award).</p> <p>Procedural languages may have reached their apogee with Algol-60 (committee).</p> <p>Important derivatives of Algol-60 include Simula-67 and Pascal, and via Pascal, the Ada, Modula, and Oberon families. Perhaps CLU was influenced also.</p> <p><strong>All object-oriented languages have roots in Simula-67</strong>, which was an Algol derivative (Nygaard and Dahl, Turing award winners).</p> <p>Smalltalk-80 and C with classes (became C++) were both directly influenced by Simula-67. I don't know if Objective-C was influenced directly from Simula or indirectly from Smalltalk. Likewise Delphi. Self and Ruby both have strong Smalltalk heritage. Java has strong Simula/C++ heritage; C# has strong Java heritage.</p> <p>Functional languages are rooted in LISP, for LISt Processor (John McCarthy, Turing award winner). Functional languages were also strongly influenced by John Backus's Turing lecture, in which he asked if programming could escape the von Neumann model of programming with mutation, one word at a time. A great flowering occurred, including APL, ISWIM, Hope, ML, and Miranda. Then later, Clean, Haskell, Objective Caml. Still later, Clojure, Scala, and F#.</p> <p>Then we have the niche players:</p> <ul> <li><p>String-processing languages like SNOBOL and Icon</p></li> <li><p>Languages based on substitution, like TRAC, sh, TeX, Tcl, and PHP</p></li> <li><p>Dynamic postfix languages like FORTH and PostScript</p></li> <li><p>Logic languages like Prolog and Mercury</p></li> </ul> <p>I won't go on.</p>
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    1. POWhat order are the programming languages derived in?
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    1. USNorman Ramsey
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    1. CO+1, That's a good introduction to the history.
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      1. USRob Lachlan
 

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