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    <p>There are actually examples of Turing Machines in nature. Specifically, the <strong>ribosome</strong>, which translates RNA into proteins, implements a Turing Machine.</p> <p>First, some background:</p> <ol> <li>RNA is composed of a string of nucleotides ("bases") which define the letters of the genetic alphabet.</li> <li>There are 4 bases in the RNA alphabet - A, C, G, U.</li> <li>Bases are directional: by convention the ends are called five-prime and three -prime (5', 3')</li> <li>A base in an RNA string can attract a base on another RNA string in "anti-parallel complementary pairs", where A sticks to U and C sticks to G.</li> <li>The bases are combined in groups of 3 to form "codons" (words).</li> <li>There are 64 possible combinations for the codons (4^3).</li> <li>each codon can match an "anti-codon". for instance AUG &lt;-> UAC</li> <li>there are special carrier molecules ("tRNA") which have particular anticodons and are attached to specific amino acids (proteins).</li> </ol> <p><strong>The operation of the ribosome is simple:</strong></p> <ol> <li>transcription initiates at a "start codon", which defines the "reading frame"</li> <li>transcription always proceeds in the 5'->3' direction</li> <li>the codon under the reading frame is matched with a specific tRNA containing a specific amino acid</li> <li>the start codon always encodes the amino acid Methionine.</li> <li>the new amino acid is attached to the growing protein </li> <li>the frame then advances 3 bases to the next codon, and the protein is continuously extended</li> <li>upon encountering a "stop" codon, translation is terminated, no amino acid is attached and the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA.</li> </ol> <p>As you can see, this is a very simple Turing Machine that performs the most complex operation - nature itself!</p>
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