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    <h1>Update:</h1> <p><strong>Warning:</strong> Some parts of the code in the original answer (below) were removed and marked as OBSOLETE.</p> <h3>Latest source code in Microsoft site (has syntax highlighting):</h3> <blockquote> <p><a href="http://referencesource.microsoft.com/#System.Web/CrossSiteScriptingValidation.cs" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://referencesource.microsoft.com/#System.Web/CrossSiteScriptingValidation.cs</a></p> </blockquote> <p>After checking the newest code you will probably agree that what <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/2233249/146513">Travis Illig explained</a> are the only validations used now in 2018 (and seems to have no changes since 2014 when the source was released <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/referencesource/blob/master/System.Web/CrossSiteScriptingValidation.cs" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in GitHub</a>). But the old code below may still be relevant if you use an older version of the framework.</p> <hr> <h1>Original Answer:</h1> <p>Using Reflector, I did some browsing. Here's the raw code. When I have time I will translate this into some meaningful rules:</p> <p>The <code>HttpRequestValidationException</code> is thrown by only a single method in the <code>System.Web</code> namespace, so it's rather isolated. Here is the method:</p> <pre><code>private void ValidateString(string s, string valueName, string collectionName) { int matchIndex = 0; if (CrossSiteScriptingValidation.IsDangerousString(s, out matchIndex)) { string str = valueName + "=\""; int startIndex = matchIndex - 10; if (startIndex &lt;= 0) { startIndex = 0; } else { str = str + "..."; } int length = matchIndex + 20; if (length &gt;= s.Length) { length = s.Length; str = str + s.Substring(startIndex, length - startIndex) + "\""; } else { str = str + s.Substring(startIndex, length - startIndex) + "...\""; } throw new HttpRequestValidationException(HttpRuntime.FormatResourceString("Dangerous_input_detected", collectionName, str)); } } </code></pre> <p>That method above makes a call to the <code>IsDangerousString</code> method in the <code>CrossSiteScriptingValidation</code> class, which validates the string against a series of rules. It looks like the following:</p> <pre><code>internal static bool IsDangerousString(string s, out int matchIndex) { matchIndex = 0; int startIndex = 0; while (true) { int index = s.IndexOfAny(startingChars, startIndex); if (index &lt; 0) { return false; } if (index == (s.Length - 1)) { return false; } matchIndex = index; switch (s[index]) { case 'E': case 'e': if (IsDangerousExpressionString(s, index)) { return true; } break; case 'O': case 'o': if (!IsDangerousOnString(s, index)) { break; } return true; case '&amp;': if (s[index + 1] != '#') { break; } return true; case '&lt;': if (!IsAtoZ(s[index + 1]) &amp;&amp; (s[index + 1] != '!')) { break; } return true; case 'S': case 's': if (!IsDangerousScriptString(s, index)) { break; } return true; } startIndex = index + 1; } } </code></pre> <p>That <code>IsDangerousString</code> method appears to be referencing a series of validation rules, which are outlined below:</p> <pre><code>private static bool IsDangerousExpressionString(string s, int index) { if ((index + 10) &gt;= s.Length) { return false; } if ((s[index + 1] != 'x') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 1] != 'X')) { return false; } return (string.Compare(s, index + 2, "pression(", 0, 9, true, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) == 0); } </code></pre> <p>-</p> <pre><code>private static bool IsDangerousOnString(string s, int index) { if ((s[index + 1] != 'n') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 1] != 'N')) { return false; } if ((index &gt; 0) &amp;&amp; IsAtoZ(s[index - 1])) { return false; } int length = s.Length; index += 2; while ((index &lt; length) &amp;&amp; IsAtoZ(s[index])) { index++; } while ((index &lt; length) &amp;&amp; char.IsWhiteSpace(s[index])) { index++; } return ((index &lt; length) &amp;&amp; (s[index] == '=')); } </code></pre> <p>-</p> <pre><code>private static bool IsAtoZ(char c) { return (((c &gt;= 'a') &amp;&amp; (c &lt;= 'z')) || ((c &gt;= 'A') &amp;&amp; (c &lt;= 'Z'))); } </code></pre> <p>-</p> <pre><code>private static bool IsDangerousScriptString(string s, int index) { int length = s.Length; if ((index + 6) &gt;= length) { return false; } if ((((s[index + 1] != 'c') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 1] != 'C')) || ((s[index + 2] != 'r') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 2] != 'R'))) || ((((s[index + 3] != 'i') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 3] != 'I')) || ((s[index + 4] != 'p') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 4] != 'P'))) || ((s[index + 5] != 't') &amp;&amp; (s[index + 5] != 'T')))) { return false; } index += 6; while ((index &lt; length) &amp;&amp; char.IsWhiteSpace(s[index])) { index++; } return ((index &lt; length) &amp;&amp; (s[index] == ':')); } </code></pre> <p>So there you have it. It's not pretty to decipher, but it's all there.</p>
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    1. COThanks Mr. Matt--good call on using Reflector. I'm looking over your response along with Travis' to get a handle on this--basically it seems to be two scenarios that we need to be concerned with (left angle bracket w/ alpha char and ampersand w/ number sign).
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