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    <p>I like Aaronaught's answer, but I would say Rx and TPL solve different problems. Part of what the TPL team added are the threading primitives and significant enhancements to the building blocks of the runtime like the ThreadPool. And everything you list is built on top of these primitives and runtime features.</p> <p>But the TPL and Rx solve two different problems. TPL works best when the program or algorithm is 'pulling &amp; queuing'. Rx excels when the program or algorithm needs to 'react' to data from a stream (like mouse input or when receiving a stream of related messages from an endpoint like WCF).</p> <p>You'd need the 'unit of work' concept from TPL to do work like the filesystem, iterating over a collection, or walking a hierarchy like a org chart. In each of those cases the programmer can reason about the overall amount of work, the work can be broken down into chunks of a certain size (Tasks), and in the case of doing computations over a hierarchy the tasks can be 'chained' together. So certain types of work lend themselves to the TPL 'Task Hierarchy' model, and benefit from the enhancements to plumbing like cancellation (see Channel 9 video on CancellationTokenSource). TPL also has lots of knobs for specialized domains like near real-time data processing.</p> <p>Rx will be what most developers should end up using. It is how WPF applications can 'react' to external messages like external data (stream of IM messages to an IM client) or external input (like the mouse drag example linked from Aaronaught). Under the covers Rx uses threading primitives from TPL/BCL, threadsafe collections from TPL/BCL, and runtime objects like the ThreadPool. In my mind Rx is the 'highest-level' of programming to express your intentions.</p> <p>Whether the average developer can get their head wrapped around the set of intentions you can express with Rx is yet to be seen. :)</p> <p>But I think the next couple of years the TPL vs. Rx is going to be the next debate like LINQ-to-SQL vs. Entity Framework. There are two flavors of API in the same domain and are specialized for different scenarios but overlap in a lot of ways. But in the case of TPL &amp; Rx they are actually aware of each other and there are built-in adapters to compose applications and use both frameworks together (like feeding results from a PLINQ loop into an IObservable Rx stream). For the folks who haven't done any parallel programming there is a ton of learning to get up to speed.</p> <p>Update: I've been using both TPL and RxNet in my regular work for the past 6 months (of the 18 months since my original answer). My thoughts of choice of TPL and/or RxNet in a middle-tier WCF service (enterprise LOB service): <a href="http://yzorgsoft.blogspot.com/2011/09/middle-tier-tpl-andor-rxnet.html" rel="noreferrer">http://yzorgsoft.blogspot.com/2011/09/middle-tier-tpl-andor-rxnet.html</a></p>
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    1. POHow do Reactive Framework, PLINQ, TPL and Parallel Extensions relate to each other?
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    1. COAnother thing to note is that TPL and TPL Dataflow start with assuming you want parallel processing. Rx by default starts as 'rich events', so it makes you jump through hoops to do parallel processing (like increasing the number of concurrent items being processed in parallel). See ["think of IObservable as thread safe"](http://stackoverflow.com/a/13524931/195755) and ["how to process Queue asyncchronously using Rx"](http://stackoverflow.com/a/6552193/195755). It's also _way too easy_ in my opinion to [accidentally use blocking operations in Rx](http://stackoverflow.com/a/2394305/195755).
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