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    <p>One approach for you, far from unique:</p> <p><code>NString</code> has methods to find substrings, represented as an <code>NSRange</code> of location &amp; offset, made up from characters in a given <code>NSCharacterSet</code>.</p> <p>The set of what should be in the string:</p> <pre><code>NSCharacterSet *ATCG = [NSCharacterSet characterSetWithCharactersInString:@"ATCG"]; </code></pre> <p>And the set of what shouldn't:</p> <pre><code>NSCharacterSet *invalidChars = [ATCG invertedSet]; </code></pre> <p>You can now search for any range of characters consisting of <code>invalidChars</code>:</p> <pre><code>NSString *target; // the string you wish to check NSRange searchRange = NSMakeRange(0, target.length); // search the whole string NSRange foundRange = [target rangeOfCharacterFromSet:invalidChars options:0 // look in docs for other possible values range:searchRange]; </code></pre> <p>If there are no invalid characters then <code>foundRange.location</code> will be equal to <code>NSNotFound</code>, otherwise you change examine the range of characters in <code>foundRange</code> and produce your specialised error messages.</p> <p>You repeat the process, updating <code>searchRange</code> based on <code>foundRange</code>, to find all the runs of invalid characters.</p> <p>You could accumulate the found invalid characters into a set (maybe <code>NSMutableSet</code>) and produce the error messages at the end.</p> <p>You can also use regular expressions, see <code>NSRegularExpressions</code>.</p> <p>Etc. HTH</p> <p><strong>Addendum</strong></p> <p>There is a really simple way to address this, but I did not give it as the letters you give suggest to me you may be dealing with very long strings and using provided methods as above may be a worthwhile win. However on second thoughts after your comment maybe I should include it:</p> <pre><code>NSString *target; // the string you wish to check NSUInteger length = target.length; // number of characters BOOL foundInvalidCharacter = NO; // set in the loop if there is an invalid char for(NSUInteger ix = 0; ix &lt; length; ix++) { unichar nextChar = [target characterAtIndex:ix]; // get the next character switch (nextChar) { case 'A': case 'C': case 'G': case 'T': // character is valid - skip break; default: // character is invalid // produce error message, the character 'nextChar' at index 'ix' is invalid // record you've found an error foundInvalidCharacter = YES; } } // test foundInvalidCharacter and proceed based on it </code></pre> <p>HTH</p>
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    1. COHow do I examine a range of characters? As you can tell, I'm still trying to learn all this objective-C stuff, theres a lot of it.
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    2. COAgain many ways, but at the simplest level there is the `characterAtIndex:` method on `NSString` - the range gives you the starting index and the length so a simple loop can examine each character in turn. There are methods to give you the range as an `NSString` as well, etc. Read the `NSString`, and maybe the `NSMutableSet`, doc pages.
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