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    <p>Because Windows environment variables are case <em>insensitive</em>, but a Python dictionary is case sensitive. By uppercasing all entries, you ensure that you'll always be able to match entries.</p> <p>Quoting from the Python <a href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/os.py#l411" rel="nofollow"><code>os.py</code> source code</a>:</p> <pre><code>elif name in ('os2', 'nt'): # Where Env Var Names Must Be UPPERCASE # But we store them as upper case # ... else: # Where Env Var Names Can Be Mixed Case </code></pre> <p>Note that the <code>os.environ</code> object translates <em>all</em> access to uppercase, including searches:</p> <pre><code>def __setitem__(self, key, item): putenv(key, item) self.data[key.upper()] = item def __getitem__(self, key): return self.data[key.upper()] # ... def has_key(self, key): return key.upper() in self.data def __contains__(self, key): return key.upper() in self.data def get(self, key, failobj=None): return self.data.get(key.upper(), failobj) </code></pre> <p>This means that if a program fails to find <code>os.environ['windir']</code>, then the value <em>is not set</em>.</p> <p>If you <strong>have</strong> to have access to the original values, grab them from the <code>nt</code> module:</p> <pre><code>import nt nt.environ </code></pre> <p>That's the raw initial dictionary as passed in by the OS, unaltered:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import nt &gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(nt.environ.keys()) ['ALLUSERSPROFILE', 'APPDATA', 'COMPUTERNAME', 'ComSpec', 'CommonProgramFiles', 'CommonProgramFiles(x86)', 'CommonProgramW6432', 'FP_NO_HOST_CHECK', 'HOMEDRIVE', 'HOMEPATH', 'LOCALAPPDATA', 'LOGONSERVER', 'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS', 'OS', 'PATHEXT', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE', 'PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER', 'PROCESSOR_LEVEL', 'PROCESSOR_REVISION', 'PROMPT', 'PSModulePath', 'PUBLIC', 'Path', 'ProgramData', 'ProgramFiles', 'ProgramFiles(x86)', 'ProgramW6432', 'SESSIONNAME', 'SSH_AUTH_SOCK', 'SystemDrive', 'SystemRoot', 'TEMP', 'TMP', 'USERDNSDOMAIN', 'USERDOMAIN', 'USERNAME', 'USERPROFILE', 'windir', 'windows_tracing_flags', 'windows_tracing_logfile'] </code></pre>
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    1. POWhy python uppercases all environment variables in windows
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    1. COOk, do you know if there is a way to get the original environment variables keys/values on python? I'm running a program (with twisted) that reads environment variable in a case sensitive way, so it isn't finding windir because we pass it as WINDIR.
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    2. CO@MariangeMarcano: That cannot be the issue; the `os.environ` *object* will uppercase searches too.
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    3. COThe issue is we are not using python to search the environment variable. We invoke another program.
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