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    <p>Note the absence of newline characters in <code>433943394339</code>. It indicates that something wrong happens inside <code>System.out.println()</code>.</p> <p>The essential point here is that <code>System.out.println()</code> requires some stack space to work, so that <code>StackOverflowError</code> is thrown from <code>System.out.println()</code>.</p> <p>Here is your code with marked points:</p> <pre><code>public static void main(String[] args) { try{ System.out.println(i); // (1) i++; main(args); // (2) }catch (StackOverflowError e){ System.out.println(i); // (3) i++; main(args); // (4) } } </code></pre> <p>Let's imagine what happens at level N of recursion when i = <code>4338</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Statement (1) at level N prints <code>4338</code>. <strong>Output <code>4338\n</code></strong></li> <li><code>i</code> is incremented to <code>4339</code></li> <li>Control flow enters level N + 1 at (2)</li> <li>Statement (1) at level N + 1 tries to print <code>4339</code>, but <code>System.out.println()</code> throws a <code>StackOverflowError</code> before it prints a newline. <strong>Output <code>4339</code></strong></li> <li><code>StackOverflowError</code> is caught at level N + 1, statement (3) tries to print <code>4339</code> and fails for the same reason again. <strong>Output <code>4339</code></strong></li> <li>Exception is caught at level N. At this point there is more stack space available, therefore statement (3) tries to print <code>4339</code> and succeeds (newline is printed correctly). <strong>Output <code>4339\n</code></strong></li> <li><code>i</code> is incremented and control flow enters level N + 1 again at (4)</li> </ul> <p>After this point the situation repeats with <code>4340</code>. </p> <p>I'm not sure why some numbers are printed correclty between sequences without newlines, perhaps its related to internal work of <code>System.out.println()</code> and buffers it uses.</p>
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    1. COThe ones that print with newlines do so because the recursion does not keep bouncing between 1 frame of stack room left and 0 frames of stack room left. The function is actually tree-recursive. Every function call does eventually return, and when you get `n` frames returning instead of recursing in a row, the next `n` recursive calls have enough stack space not to overflow in `System.out.println`.
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