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    <p>I think that the problem here is that the source file you are using is compressed (probably a .jpeg file). When you pass <code>sys.argv[1]</code> to <code>file.save</code> PIL decides whether to compress the "polarized" image based on the file extension. So if <code>sys.argv[1]=="test.jpg"</code> then the file written to disk will be compressed. </p> <p>Compression can induce colours in between the pure red and black that you are expecting.</p> <p>An easy way around this problem is to write the output to file using an uncompressed format such as .png instead.</p> <p>Incidentally, this "polarization" is usually referred to as "thresholding" and the two-tone image you are generating is a thresholded image.</p> <p>Also, I don't think it's a great idea to use the word <code>file</code> as a variable name, since it is used for other things, e.g. <a href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#file" rel="nofollow">http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#file</a></p> <p>The version of your code below demonstrates the difference between letting PIL write a compressed version of your thresholded image, compared to an uncompressed version:</p> <pre><code>import sys from PIL import Image im=Image.open("test.jpg") im=im.convert('RGB') w,h=im.size color={} for i in range(w): for j in range(h): aux=im.getpixel((i,j)) if aux &gt;(200,200,200): im.putpixel((i,j),(255,0,0)) else: im.putpixel((i,j),(0,0,0)) im.save("test_copy.jpg") im.save("test_copy.png") im=Image.open("test_copy.jpg") im=im.convert('RGB') w,h=im.size color={} for i in range(w): for j in range(h): aux=im.getpixel((i,j)) if aux not in color: color[aux]=1 else: color[aux]+=1 print "Compressed file stat" print color im=Image.open("test_copy.png") im=im.convert('RGB') w,h=im.size color={} for i in range(w): for j in range(h): aux=im.getpixel((i,j)) if aux not in color: color[aux]=1 else: color[aux]+=1 print "Uncompressed file stat" print color </code></pre>
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