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    <p>While thomas's collision is a good, simple elastic collision equation, at scales of planetary bodies, there is no such thing as an elastic collision. Or, should I say, the planets themselves don't collide elastically. Instead of thinking of planets as if they were big bouncy balls, a more accurate analogy is thinking of them as if they were big <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNI-LIVs-to" rel="nofollow">droplets of water</a>. While not completely identical, there is a lot of similarity between water drops and planets in the way they interact when they collide.</p> <p>A good, quick illustration of the math that will produce that kind of result can be seen <a href="http://www.openprocessing.org/sketch/65193" rel="nofollow">here</a>. While that simulation is not specific to celestial bodies, the basic principles behind the 'squishy' collisions still applies.</p> <p>I also made a version of it for myself with different simulation parameters, complete with tectonic activity and volcanoes, though no universal gravity, (made it lag too much - all I have is a gravity well in the center) so it won't form any large moons. You can download it to examine/play with <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/su0gitznlhfsewa/jTF96-BiqU" rel="nofollow">here</a>, if you want (you can use the mouse to grab chunks of the planet to throw at it; <kbd>g</kbd> turns the gravity well on/off). Keep in mind that those "comets" orbiting the planet that forms in the center are <em>huge</em>. If the planet was the size of earth, those comets would be around the size of texas at least.</p> <p>While both of the simulations I linked to were written in java, the same math and physics can be applied in any language.</p>
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