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    <p>From: <strong><em>"<a href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1165766" rel="nofollow">The Long Road to 64 Bits</a>"</em></strong> - by John R. Mashey | October 1, 2006 -Topic: System Evolution</p> <p>"Algol 68 inspired <strong>long long</strong> in 1968, and it was also added to GNU C at some point."</p> <p>Extract: <strong>Chronology: Multiple Interlocking Threads</strong></p> <ul> <li>1964 IBM S/360: <em>32</em>-bit, with 24-bit addressing (16 MB total) of real (core) memory.</li> <li>1968 Algol 68: includes long long. [<strong>long long</strong> for <strong>int</strong>, <em>and also</em> <strong>long long real, compl, bits <em>and</em> bytes</strong>]</li> <li>1970 DEC PDP-11/20: 16-bit, 16-bit addressing (<strong>64</strong> KB total). IBM S/370 family: virtual memory, 24-bit addresses, but multiple user address spaces allowed.</li> <li>...</li> <li>1984 Motorola MC68020: <em>32</em>-bit; <em>32</em>-bit addressing. </li> <li>1984 C: Amdahl UTS (<em>32</em>-bit S/370) uses long long, especially for large file pointers. </li> <li>1984 C: Convex (<strong>64</strong>-bit vector mini-supercomputer) uses long long for <strong>64</strong>-bit integers.</li> <li>1986 Intel: 80386, <em>32</em>-bit, with support for 8086 mode.</li> <li>...</li> <li>1989 ANSI C (“C89”): effort had started in 1983, ANSI X3J11.</li> <li>1992 SGI: ships first <strong>64</strong>-bit micro (MIPS R4000); still running <em>32</em>-bit operating system. <strong>64</strong>-bit C working group: discusses various models (<strong>LP64</strong>, <strong>ILP64</strong>, <strong>LLP64</strong>), with little agreement. </li> <li>1992 DEC: ships <strong>64</strong>-bit Alpha systems, running <strong>64</strong>-bit operating system; <strong>LP64</strong>.</li> <li>1994 SGI: ships IRIX 6 (<strong>64</strong>/<em>32</em> operating system; <em>ILP32LL</em> + <strong>LP64</strong>) on Power Challenge; customers buy 4 GB+ memory, use it. DEC: ships 4 GB+ in DEC 7000 SMPs (may have been slightly earlier).</li> <li>1995 Sun UltraSPARC: <strong>64</strong>/<em>32</em>-bit hardware, <em>32</em>-bit-only operating system. HAL Computer’s <strong>SPARC64</strong>: uses <strong>ILP64</strong> model for C. </li> <li>1995 Large file summit: codifies <strong>64</strong>-bit interface to files >2 GB, even in <em>32</em>-bit systems (ILP32LL+<strong>LP64</strong>).</li> <li>1994 Aspen group: supports <strong>LP64</strong> model for C so that Unix vendors are consistent. </li> <li>1996 HP: announces PA-RISC 2.0, <strong>64</strong>-bit.</li> <li>...</li> </ul> <p>End extract.</p> <p>Note: Standard <a href="http://algol68.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">Algol68↗</a> does <strong>not</strong> have <strong>long char</strong> for unicode/UTF16, nor <strong>long long char</strong>, but (conveniently) the size of a <strong>char</strong> is not required to be the same size as that of a <strong>byte</strong>. Sometimes - "traditionally" - a <strong>char</strong> was less then 8-bits, e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-bit_character_code" rel="nofollow">6-bits</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-bit_character_code#Examples_of_sixbit_ASCII_variants" rel="nofollow">ASCII</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST_10859#6-bit_code%3a_with_only_Latin_upper_case_letters" rel="nofollow">GOST</a>) or 7-bits (eg <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" rel="nofollow">ASCII</a> and now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_03.38" rel="nofollow">GSM_03.38</a>)</p>
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    1. POWhy is the 64bit integer extension of C++ called "long long"?
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    1. POWhy is the 64bit integer extension of C++ called "long long"?
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    1. COAlgol68 is the most reasonable answer among all. THanks Neville.
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      1. USAbby Chau Yu Hoi
 

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