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    <p>It might worth adding that this is not just a property of <code>if</code>. F# is an expression-based language meaning that pretty much every piece of code (aside from type declarations and a few exceptions) is an <em>expression</em> that evaluates to some result. In fact, F# does not call <code>if</code> the if <em>statement</em>, but an if <em>expression</em>.</p> <p>This means that you can use <code>if</code> in unexpected places. For example, this might be useful:</p> <pre><code>x/2 + (if x%2=0 then 0 else 1) </code></pre> <p>As already explained by Garry, if you omit <code>else</code>, then the expression still needs to return something - if the result was to be an <code>int</code>, then it would not really make sense (which number should the compiler pick?), so it requires that the result is of type <code>unit</code>, which is a special type representing "no result".</p> <p>The <code>unit</code> type is also the result of all imperative functions (e.g. <code>printf</code>) or of all expressions that do not logically return any value (assignment or e.g. loop). This means that if you write:</p> <pre><code>if x &gt; 0 then printfn "Big!" </code></pre> <p>... then the expression is well-typed, because <code>printfn "Big!"</code> has a return type <code>unit</code> and the implicitly added <code>else</code> branch also returns <code>unit</code>. You can create a value of type <code>unit</code> directly by hand (the type has exactly one value), so the above actually corresponds to:</p> <pre><code>if x &gt; 0 then printfn "Big!" else () </code></pre> <p>From the C# perspective, it makes more sense to read <code>if .. then .. else</code> as the conditional operator:</p> <pre><code>x/2 + (x%2 == 0 ? 0 : 1) </code></pre>
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    1. CO+1 for a far better and informative answer
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