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    <p>If I understood you correctly, what you're trying to do is</p> <ol> <li>for any <code>sub</code> or <code>sup</code> element, move its previous sibling (if any) inside the element and</li> <li>rename <code>sub</code> to <code>msub</code> and <code>sup</code> to <code>msup</code>.</li> </ol> <p>This XSLT should do the trick:</p> <pre><code>&lt;?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?&gt; &lt;xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" exclude-result-prefixes="m"&gt; &lt;xsl:output method="xml"/&gt; &lt;xsl:template match="*[following-sibling::*[1]/self::m:sub]"&gt; &lt;msub&gt; &lt;xsl:copy&gt; &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="@* | node()"/&gt; &lt;/xsl:copy&gt; &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="following-sibling::*[1]/self::m:sub/@* | following-sibling::*[1]/self::m:sub/node()"/&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/xsl:template&gt; &lt;xsl:template match="*[following-sibling::*[1]/self::m:sup]"&gt; &lt;msup&gt; &lt;xsl:copy&gt; &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="@* | node()"/&gt; &lt;/xsl:copy&gt; &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="following-sibling::*[1]/self::m:sup/@* | following-sibling::m:sup/node()"/&gt; &lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/xsl:template&gt; &lt;xsl:template match="m:sub | m:sup"&gt;&lt;/xsl:template&gt; &lt;xsl:template match="@* | node()"&gt; &lt;xsl:copy&gt; &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="@* | node()"/&gt; &lt;/xsl:copy&gt; &lt;/xsl:template&gt; &lt;/xsl:stylesheet&gt; </code></pre> <p>The only thing that's not clear to me is what to do this <code>sub</code> (<code>sup</code>) elements that have no preceding sibling. The code above just ignores them.</p>
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