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    <p>According to <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/c6cyy67b.aspx" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MSDN</a> the key differences between C# generics and C++ templates are:</p> <ul> <li>C# generics do not provide the same amount of flexibility as C++ templates. For example, it is not possible to call arithmetic operators in a C# generic class, although it is possible to call user defined operators.</li> <li>C# does not allow non-type template parameters, such as template C {}.</li> <li>C# does not support explicit specialization; that is, a custom implementation of a template for a specific type.</li> <li>C# does not support partial specialization: a custom implementation for a subset of the type arguments.</li> <li>C# does not allow the type parameter to be used as the base class for the generic type.</li> <li>C# does not allow type parameters to have default types.</li> <li>In C#, a generic type parameter cannot itself be a generic, although constructed types can be used as generics. C++ does allow template parameters.</li> </ul> <p>Yet there are cases where you can work around some of these issues by using extension methods.</p> <p>Possible with C++ generics, neither with C# generics nor Java generics: true <strong>template metaprogramming</strong> (turing complete at compile time).</p> <pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt; template&lt;unsigned U&gt; struct Fac{ enum { value = U * Fac&lt;U-1&gt;::value};}; template&lt;&gt; struct Fac&lt;0&gt;{ enum { value = 1};}; template&lt;unsigned U&gt; struct Fib{ enum {value = (Fib&lt;U-1&gt;::value + Fib&lt;U-2&gt;::value)};}; template&lt;&gt; struct Fib&lt;0&gt;{ enum {value = 0};}; template&lt;&gt; struct Fib&lt;1&gt;{ enum {value = 1};}; template&lt;unsigned U&gt; void show(){ show&lt;U-1&gt;(); std::cout &lt;&lt; "Fib(" &lt;&lt; U &lt;&lt; ")=" &lt;&lt; Fib&lt;U&gt;::value &lt;&lt; "\t" &lt;&lt; "Fac(" &lt;&lt; U &lt;&lt; ")=" &lt;&lt; Fac&lt;U&gt;::value &lt;&lt; std::endl; } template&lt;&gt; void show&lt;0&gt;(){} int main(int argc, char** argv){ show&lt;12&gt;(); } </code></pre> <p><a href="http://ideone.com/Gdf3W" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://ideone.com/Gdf3W</a></p> <p><strong>Edit</strong></p> <p>The C++ standard hadn't had constraints on type parameters while <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/d5x73970%28VS.80%29.aspx" rel="nofollow noreferrer">C#</a> and <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/q/2081663/303290">Java</a> have. Boost has something like that (<a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_36_0/libs/concept_check/concept_check.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Boost Concept Check Library</a>). But since C++11 you now can use <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/type_traits/" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>&lt;type_traits&gt;</code></a> to get something similar.</p>
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    1. POWhat are the Differences between C++ Templates and Java/C# Generics and what are the limits?
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