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    <p>The functions are not internal linkage or in an anonymous namespace, so they're visibly external with the same name. They have different bodies so you've clearly violated the one definition rule. At that point any speculation as to what will happen isn't useful as your program is malformed.</p> <p>I'm guessing that you compiled without optimization and the compiler generated function calls instead of actually inlining, and it picked one of the bodies to use as the function to call (leaving the other one orphaned). Now presumably if you compiled with optimization on, your expected output would be emitted but your program would still be incorrect.</p> <p>EDIT for comment: Unfortunately it's not required for compilers to diagnose violations of the one definition rule (and they may not even be able to detect all cases). However there are a few things you can do:</p> <ul> <li>Make source-private functions always either <code>static</code> or in an anonymous namespace (I prefer the namespace for logical grouping purposes but either is fine).</li> <li>Pay special attention to <code>inline</code> methods (regardless of location) as they tell the compiler explicitly that all versions will be identical (for non-inline methods you'll most likely at least get a duplicate symbol error from the linker). The safest approach here is to avoid global-namespace inline functions (or take particular care in your naming). Also you need to be really careful that changed <code>#define</code>s don't change the function body (for example using <code>assert</code> in an inline function where one use has <code>NDEBUG</code> and the other doesn't).</li> <li>Use classes and namespaces logically to break up code and help prevent multiple definitions of the same symbol.</li> </ul>
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    1. POGenerating an error on conflicting definitions with inline linkage
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    1. COYes - this was without optimisation. I imagine it would be as you describe with optimisation enabled (at least with these small functions). I realise the program is malformed and gcc's behaviour is correct - just interested in ways of detecting/preventing this.
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