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    <p>That's a good question!<br> The problem is not trivial, and may require several approaches to tackle it. For instance:</p> <ol> <li>Organize the code, so that you can test most of the application logic without accessing the database. This means that each class will have methods for accessing data, and methods for processing it, and the second ones may be tested easily.</li> <li>When you need to test database access, you may use a proxy (so, like solution #1); you can think of it as an engine for SqlAlchemy or as a drop-in replacement for the SA. In both cases, you may want to think to a <a href="http://martinfowler.com/bliki/SelfInitializingFake.html" rel="noreferrer">self initializing fake</a>.</li> <li>If the code does not involve stored procedures, think about using in-memory databases, like Lennart says (even if in this case, calling it "unit test" may sound a bit strange!).</li> </ol> <p>However, from my experience, everything is quite easy on word, and then falls abruptly when you go on the field. For instance, what to do when most of the logic is in the SQL statements? What if accessing data is strictly interleaved with its processing? Sometimes you may be able to refactor, sometimes (especially with large and legacy applications) not.</p> <p>In the end, I think it is mostly a matter of <strong>mindset</strong>.<br> If you think you need to have unit tests, and you need to have them running fast, then you design your application in a certain way, that allow for easier unit testing.<br> Unfortunately, this is not always true (many people see unit tests as something that can run overnight, so time is not an issue), and you get something that will not be really unit-testable.</p>
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