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    <p>The system should store an audit log somewhere. It is best if it is stored in a separate database to non-security data or otherwise kept separate.</p> <p>The audit log is used to observe user behaviour as part of non-repudiation. It is the only way of policing the behavior of administrators and other users with few restrictions. Many organizations will require an audit log for compliance with SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley), HIPAA, PCI-DSS or supply-chain contracts.</p> <p>The audit log should have some form of simple tamper detection, such as a HMAC. Operations to purge or backup old audit log entries should also add an entry to the audit log.</p> <p>[Edit: Added more details on request]</p> <p>Non-repudiation is a very fancy way of saying "You can't claim you didn't do it" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiation). For example, if a user uploads troublesome data then claims it was not him or her, an audit log showing the fact that the user logged on when no one else was would be very useful. </p> <p>An HMAC is a Hashed Message Authentication Code (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code</a> or <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt" rel="nofollow">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt</a>). This is a cryptographic algorithm where you have a secret number, append it to the data and take a hash. This might be difficult to calculate without libraries and is probably a bit ahead of where you want to be.</p>
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    1. POWhy should systems record, in the database, who has logged in and when? Compliance, security, auditability?
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    1. COThanks akton - as it's not a finacial system, not sure how relevant SOX etc are. Please explain non-repudiation and HMAC a little?
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    2. COI have added more to the answer above.
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