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    <p>Not directly an answer to your question, but I'd like to point out that "object-oriented" and functional programming aren't necessarily at odds. The "core concepts" you cite have more general counterparts which apply just as well to functional programming.</p> <p>Encapsulation, more generally, is modularisation. All purely functional languages that I know of support <strong>modular programming</strong>. You might say that those languages implement encapsulation better than the typical "OO" variety, since side-effects break encapsulation, and <strong>pure functions have no side-effects</strong>.</p> <p>Inheritance, more generally, is <strong>logical implication</strong>, which is what a function represents. The canonical <code>subclass -&gt; superclass</code> relation is a kind of implicit function. In functional languages, this is expressed with <strong>type classes</strong> or <strong>implicits</strong> (I consider implicits to be the more general of these two).</p> <p>Polymorphism in the "OO" school is achieved by means of subtyping (inheritance). There is a more general kind of polymorphism known as <strong>parametric polymorphism</strong> (a.k.a. generics), which you will find to be supported by pure-functional programming languages. Additionally, some support "higher kinds", or higher-order generics (a.k.a. <em>type constructor polymorphism</em>).</p> <p>What I'm trying to say is that your "core concepts of OO" aren't specific to OO in any way. I, for one, would argue that there aren't <em>any</em> core concepts of OO, in fact.</p>
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    1. POWhat are the core concepts in functional programming?
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    1. COSeconding this, OO and Functional can work together. Some functional language (CAML, or OCAML to be specific) pull in OO concepts and some OO languages (like D and even C#) use functional concepts. I would say that "Objects" are pretty core to the idea of OO programming though. ;)
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    2. COThen you just have the problem of defining what an "object" is exactly, and how it differs from things that aren't objects. Good luck.
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