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    <p>Do you mind a probabilistic solution? That is, it won't guarantee finding all of the vertices, but it usually does first try, and is overwhelmingly likely to after 2 or 3 tries?</p> <p>If you're OK with that, randomly assign every edge a resistance, and solve for the voltages of every node if you put the source at a voltage of 1 and the sink at a voltage of 0. Any edge where the two nodes connecting it are at different voltages is clearly on a simple path (the path is easy to construct, just go through ascending voltages from one end, and descending from the other). An edge where the two nodes connecting it are at the same voltage is extremely <em>unlikely</em> to be on a simple path, though that theoretically can happen.</p> <p>Repeat with several randomly assigned sets of resistances, and you're overwhelmingly likely to have found all edges that are on simple paths. (You haven't proven this answer, but the odds of being wrong are vanishingly small.)</p> <p>Of course once you know all of the edges that are on simple paths, it is trivial to get all of the vertices that are on simple paths.</p> <p><strong>Update</strong></p> <p>I believe that the following is true, but have no proof. Suppose that we take a set of resistances and work out voltages. For every edge which is in a simple path, there is another edge (maybe the same) such that varying the resistance of only that edge will cause the voltage across the first edge to vary. If so, it is possible in polynomial time to identify every edge in a simple path.</p> <p>Intuitively it makes sense to me, but I have no idea how I would prove it.</p>
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