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    <p>An overview of what I changed:</p> <ol> <li>I swapped out <code>binascii.b2a_base64</code> for <code>base64.standard_b64encode</code></li> <li>I converted the bytes to string using the <code>bytes.decode('ascii')</code> method. str() seemed to be appending b to the string.</li> <li>I fixed the order of the parameters to <code>hmac.new</code> - it's <code>KEY, MESSAGE</code>, not <code>MESSAGE, KEY</code></li> <li>I removed the reference to <code>include_entities</code> in <code>PARAMETER_STRING</code> - if you don't use include_entities in the request (and I believe it doesn't make sense for the token request) it mustn't be included in the PARAMETER_STRING</li> <li>I added <code>oauth_callback=oob</code> to the begin of the <code>PARAMETER_STRING</code> - all oauth parameters except for the oauth_signature must be included in the base string.</li> <li>I changed the section where the request is made to pre-create the Request object, then add the Authorization header - you were sending the Authorization header as the HTTP body. </li> <li>To match this change, I removed the trailing semicolon from <code>HEADER_TITLE</code>.</li> <li>I added the missing semicolon after <code>oauth_callback="oob"</code>.</li> </ol> <p>Enjoy!</p> <p>Here's a fixed version of your code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import urllib.parse, urllib.request, json from hashlib import sha1 import hmac import base64 import time import random import sys #Server Links REQUEST_URL = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token"; ACCESS_URL = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token"; AUTHORIZE_URL = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authorize"; #Consumer keys TOKEN = "Omitted" TOKEN_SECRET = "Omitted" #Access keys ACCESS_TOKEN = "" ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET = "" TWEET = "" count = 1 while len(sys.argv) &gt; count: TWEET += sys.argv[count] + " " count += 1 TWEET = TWEET[:-1] #Get rid of trailing space print(TWEET + "\n") #Build content header for POST to return request tokens HEADER_TITLE = "Authorization" #Consumer key HEADER = 'OAuth oauth_callback="oob", oauth_consumer_key="' + TOKEN + '", ' #Nonce HEADER += 'oauth_nonce="' NONCE = "" for i in range(32): NONCE += chr(random.randint(97, 122)) HEADER += NONCE HEADER += '", ' #Timestamp TIMESTAMP = str(int(time.time())) #Signature HEADER += 'oauth_signature="' PARAMETER_STRING = "oauth_callback=oob&amp;oauth_consumer_key=" + TOKEN + "&amp;oauth_nonce=" + NONCE + "&amp;oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1&amp;oauth_timestamp=" + TIMESTAMP + "&amp;oauth_version=1.0" BASE_STRING = 'POST&amp;' + urllib.parse.quote(REQUEST_URL, '') + '&amp;' + urllib.parse.quote(PARAMETER_STRING, '') SIGNING_KEY = urllib.parse.quote(TOKEN_SECRET, '') + '&amp;' print("DEBUG : SIGNING KEY " + SIGNING_KEY + " BASE STRING " + BASE_STRING + "\n") HEADER += urllib.parse.quote(base64.standard_b64encode(hmac.new(SIGNING_KEY.encode(), BASE_STRING.encode(), sha1).digest()).decode('ascii')) HEADER += '", ' #Signature Method HEADER += 'oauth_signature_method="HMAC-SHA1", ' #Timestamp HEADER += 'oauth_timestamp="' + TIMESTAMP + '", ' #Version HEADER += 'oauth_version="1.0"' print(HEADER_TITLE + ":\n" + HEADER) HTTP_REQUEST = urllib.request.Request(REQUEST_URL) HTTP_REQUEST.add_header(HEADER_TITLE, HEADER) print(urllib.request.urlopen(HTTP_REQUEST, bytes('', 'ascii')).read()) </code></pre>
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    1. COWell done, extremely thorough response. Thank you very much. I'll award the bounty the moment the five hour time limit is up.
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