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copied!<p>The term "basics" implies a short list, but to be an effective programmer you have to learn a LOT of concepts. Once you do learn them, though, you'll be able to apply many of the same concepts across languages. </p> <p>I've compiled a (long!) list of concepts that are important in several, if not most, programming languages. </p> <ul> <li><p>Language syntax </p> <ul> <li>Keywords</li> <li>Naming conventions</li> <li>Operators <ul> <li>Assignment</li> <li>Arithmetic</li> <li>String</li> <li>Other</li> </ul></li> <li>Literals</li> <li>Conditionals <ul> <li>If/else</li> <li>Switch/case</li> <li>What is considered true or false (0? Empty String? Null?)</li> </ul></li> <li>Looping constructs <ul> <li>for</li> <li>foreach/iteration</li> <li>while</li> <li>do-while</li> </ul></li> <li>Exception handling</li> <li>importing/including code from other files</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Type system</p> <ul> <li>Strong/weak</li> <li>Static/dynamic</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Memory management</p></li> <li><p>Scoping</p> <ul> <li>What scopes are available</li> <li>How overlapping scopes are handled</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Language constructs/program organization</p> <ul> <li>Variables</li> <li>Methods</li> <li>Functions</li> <li>Classes</li> <li>Closures</li> <li>Packages/Modules/Namespaces</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Data types and data structures</p> <ul> <li>Primitives</li> <li>Objects</li> <li>Arrays/Lists</li> <li>Maps/Hash/Associative Array</li> <li>Sets</li> <li>Enum</li> <li>Strings <ul> <li>String concatenation</li> <li>String comparison and equality</li> <li>Substring</li> <li>Replacement</li> <li>Mutability</li> <li>Syntax for creating literal strings</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Functions, Methods, Closures</p> <ul> <li>Method/function overloading</li> <li>Method/function overriding</li> <li>Parameter passing (pass-by-value/pass-by-reference</li> <li>Returning values (single return/multiple return)</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Language type (not mutually exclusive)</p> <ul> <li>Scripting</li> <li>Procedural</li> <li>Functional</li> <li>Object-oriented</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Object-oriented principles</p> <ul> <li>Inheritance</li> <li>Classical vs Prototypical</li> <li>Single, Multiple, or something else</li> <li>Classes</li> <li>Static variables/global variables</li> <li>access modifiers (private, public, protected)</li> </ul></li> <li><p>API (or how to do basic stuff)</p> <ul> <li>Basic I/O</li> <li>Print to Standard Out</li> <li>Read from Standard in</li> <li>File I/O <ul> <li>Read a file</li> <li>Write a file</li> <li>Check file attributes</li> </ul></li> <li>Use of regular expressions</li> <li>Referencing environment variables</li> <li>Executing system commands</li> <li>Threading model <ul> <li>Create threads</li> <li>Thread-safety</li> <li>Synchronization primitives</li> </ul></li> <li>Templating</li> </ul></li> </ul>

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