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copied!<p>1: PIO (programmed IO) thrashes the CPU caches. The data read from the disk will, most of the time, not be processed immediately afterwards. Data is often read in large chunks by the application, but PIO is done in smaller blocks (typically 64K IIRC). So the data-reading application will wait until the large chunk has been transferred, and not benefit from the smaller blocks being in the cache just after they have been fetched from the controller. Meanwhile other applications will suffer from large parts of the cache being evicted by the transfer. This could probably be avoided by using special instructions which instruct the CPU not to cache data but write it "directly" to the main memory, however I'm pretty certain that this would slow down the copy-loop. And thereby hurt even more than the cache-thrashing.</p> <p>2: PIO, as it's implemented on x86 systems, and probably most other systems, is really slow compared to DMA. The problem is not that the CPU wouldn't be fast enough. The problem stems from the way the bus and the disk controller's PIO modes are designed. If I'm not mistaken, the CPU has to read every byte (or every DWORD when using 32 bit PIO modes) from a so-called IO port. That means for every DWORD of data, the port's address has to be put on the bus, and the controller must respond by putting the data DWORD on the bus. Whereas when using DMA, the controller can transfer bursts of data, utilizing the full bandwidth of the bus and/or memory controller. Of course there is much room for optimizing this legacy PIO design. DMA transfers are such an optimization. Other solutions that would still be considered PIO might be possible too, but then again they would still suffer from other problems (e.g. the cache thrashing mentioned above).</p> <p>3: Memory- and/or bus-bandwidth is not the limiting factor for most applications, so the DMA transfer will not stall anything. It might slow some applications down a little, but usually it should be hardly noticeable. After all disks are rather slow compared with the bandwidth of the bus and/or memory controller. A "disk" (SSD, RAID array) that delivers > 500 MB/s is really fast. A bus or memory subsystem that cannot at least deliver 10 times that number must be from the stone ages. OTOH PIO really stalls the CPU completely while it's transferring a block of data.</p>

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