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copied!<p><a href="http://C2.Com/cgi/wiki?DefinitionsForOo" rel="noreferrer" title="Definitions for OO on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Definitions for Object-Orientation</a> are of course a <a href="http://C2.Com/cgi/wiki?OoBestFeatures" rel="noreferrer" title="OO Best Features on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">huge can of worms</a>, but here are my 2 cents:</p> <p>To me, Object-Orientation is all about objects that collaborate by sending messages. That is, to me, the single most important trait of an object-oriented language.</p> <p>If I had to put up an ordered list of all the features that an object-oriented language must have, it would look like this:</p> <ol> <li><a href="http://C2.com/cgi/wiki?MessagePassing" rel="noreferrer" title="Message Passing on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Objects sending messages to other objects</a></li> <li>Everything is an Object</li> <li><a href="http://C2.Com/cgi/wiki?LateBinding" rel="noreferrer" title="Late Binding on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Late Binding</a></li> <li><a href="http://C2.Com/cgi/wiki?PolyMorphism" rel="noreferrer" title="Polymorphism on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Subtype Polymorphism</a></li> <li>Inheritance or something similarly expressive, like <a href="http://C2.Com/cgi/wiki?DelegationInheritance" rel="noreferrer" title="Delegation Inheritance on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="http://C2.com/cgi/wiki?EncapsulationDefinition" rel="noreferrer" title="Encapsulation Definition on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="http://C2.com/cgi/wiki?InformationHiding" rel="noreferrer" title="Information Hiding on Ward's WikiWikiWeb">Information Hiding</a></li> <li>Abstraction</li> </ol> <p>Obviously, this list is very controversial, since it excludes a great variety of languages that are widely regarded as object-oriented, such as <a href="http://Java.Com/" rel="noreferrer" title="Java Programming Language">Java</a>, <a href="http://MSDN.Microsoft.Com/vcsharp/" rel="noreferrer" title="C# Programming Language">C#</a> and <a href="http://Open-Std.Org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/" rel="noreferrer" title="C++ Programming Language">C++</a>, all of which violate points 1, 2 and 3. However, there is no doubt that those languages allow for object-oriented programming (but so does <a href="http://Open-Std.Org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/" rel="noreferrer" title="C Programming Language">C</a>) and even facilitate it (which C doesn't). So, I have come to call languages that satisfy those requirements "purely object-oriented".</p> <p>As archetypical object-oriented languages I would name <a href="http://Research.Sun.Com/self/" rel="noreferrer" title="Self Homepage at Sun Research">Self</a> and <a href="http://NewspeakLanguage.Org/" rel="noreferrer" title="Newspeak Programming Language">Newspeak</a>.</p> <p>Both satisfy the above-mentioned requirements. Both are inspired by and successors to <a href="http://Smalltalk.Org/" rel="noreferrer" title="Smalltalk Programming Language">Smalltalk</a>, and both actually manage to be "more OO" in some sense. The things that I like about Self and Newspeak are that both take the message sending paradigm to the extreme (Newspeak even more so than Self).</p> <p>In Newspeak, <em>everything</em> is a message send. There are no instance variables, no fields, no attributes, no constants, no class names. They are all emulated by using getters and setters.</p> <p>In Self, there are <em>no classes</em>, only objects. This emphasizes, what OO is <em>really</em> about: objects, not classes.</p>

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