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copied!<p><code>setw()</code> only affects the next insertion. That's just the way <code>setw()</code> behaves. The behavior of <code>setw()</code> is the same as <code>ios_base::width()</code>. I got my <code>setw()</code> information from <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com" rel="noreferrer">cplusplus.com</a>. </p> <p>You can find a full list of manipulators <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/" rel="noreferrer">here</a>. From that link, all the stream flags should say set until changed by another manipulator. One note about the <code>left</code>, <code>right</code> and <code>internal</code> manipulators: They are like the other flags and <em>do</em> persist until changed. However, they only have an effect when the width of the stream is set, and the width must be set every line. So, for example</p> <pre><code>cout.width(6); cout << right << "a" << endl; cout.width(6); cout << "b" << endl; cout.width(6); cout << "c" << endl; </code></pre> <p>would give you</p> <pre><code>> a > b > c </code></pre> <p>but </p> <pre><code>cout.width(6); cout << right << "a" << endl; cout << "b" << endl; cout << "c" << endl; </code></pre> <p>would give you</p> <pre><code>> a >b >c </code></pre> <p>The Input and Output manipulators are not sticky and only occur once where they are used. The parametrized manipulators are each different, here's a brief description of each:</p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setiosflags" rel="noreferrer"><code>setiosflags</code></a> lets you manually set flags, a list of which can be fount <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/ios_base/fmtflags/" rel="noreferrer">here</a>, so it is sticky. </p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/resetiosflags/" rel="noreferrer"><code>resetiosflags</code></a> behaves the similar to <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setiosflags" rel="noreferrer"><code>setiosflags</code></a> except it unsets the specified flags. </p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setbase/" rel="noreferrer"><code>setbase</code></a> sets the base of integers inserted into the stream (so 17 in base 16 would be "11", and in base 2 would be "10001"). </p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setfill/" rel="noreferrer"><code>setfill</code></a> sets the fill character to insert in the stream when <code>setw</code> is used. </p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setprecision/" rel="noreferrer"><code>setprecision</code></a> sets the decimal precision to be used when inserting floating point values. </p> <p><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setw/" rel="noreferrer"><code>setw</code></a> makes only the next insertion the specified width by filling with the character specified in <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/manipulators/setfill/" rel="noreferrer"><code>setfill</code></a> </p>

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