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copied!<p>Rough answers:</p> <ol> <li>Scala's static typing is helping it quite a bit here - this means that it uses the JVM pretty efficiently without too much extra effort.</li> <li>I'm not exactly sure on the Ruby/Python difference, but I suspect that <code>(2...n).all?</code> in the function <code>is-prime?</code> is likely to be quite well optimised in Ruby (EDIT: sounds like this is indeed the case, see Julian's answer for more detail...)</li> <li>Ruby 1.9.3 is just much better optimised</li> <li>Clojure code can certainly be accelerated a lot! While Clojure is dynamic by default, you can use type hints, primitive maths etc. to get close to Scala / pure Java speed in many cases when you need to.</li> </ol> <p>Most important optimisation in the Clojure code would be to use typed primitive maths within <code>is-prime?</code>, something like:</p> <pre><code>(set! *unchecked-math* true) ;; at top of file to avoid using BigIntegers (defn ^:static is-prime? [^long n] (loop [i (long 2)] (if (zero? (mod n i)) false (if (>= (inc i) n) true (recur (inc i)))))) </code></pre> <p>With this improvement, I get Clojure completing 10k in 0.635 secs (i.e. the second fastest on your list, beating Scala)</p> <p><strong>P.S.</strong> note that you have printing code inside your benchmark in some cases - not a good idea as it will distort the results, especially if using a function like <code>print</code> for the first time causes initialisation of IO subsystems or something like that!</p>

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